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Cynical Theories: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything about Race, Gender, and Identity―and Why This Harms Everybody Hardcover – August 25, 2020


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Wall Street JournalUSA Today, and Publishers Weekly Bestseller!

Times, Sunday Times, and Financial Times Book-of-the-Year Selection!

Have you heard that language is violence and that science is sexist? Have you read that certain people shouldn't practice yoga or cook Chinese food? Or been told that being obese is healthy, that there is no such thing as biological sex, or that only white people can be racist? Are you confused by these ideas, and do you wonder how they have managed so quickly to challenge the very logic of Western society?

In this probing and intrepid volume, Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay document the evolution of the dogma that informs these ideas, from its coarse origins in French postmodernism to its refinement within activist academic fields. Today this dogma is recognizable as much by its effects, such as cancel culture and social-media dogpiles, as by its tenets, which are all too often embraced as axiomatic in mainstream media: knowledge is a social construct; science and reason are tools of oppression; all human interactions are sites of oppressive power play; and language is dangerous. As Pluckrose and Lindsay warn, the unchecked proliferation of these anti-Enlightenment beliefs present a threat not only to liberal democracy but also to modernity itself.

While acknowledging the need to challenge the complacency of those who think a just society has been fully achieved, Pluckrose and Lindsay break down how this often-radical activist scholarship does far more harm than good, not least to those marginalized communities it claims to champion. They also detail its alarmingly inconsistent and illiberal ethics. Only through a proper understanding of the evolution of these ideas, they conclude, can those who value science, reason, and consistently liberal ethics successfully challenge this harmful and authoritarian orthodoxy—in the academy, in culture, and beyond.


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Editorial Reviews

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"Many people are nonplussed by the surge of wokery, social justice warfare, intersectionality, and identity politics that has spilled out of academia and inundated other spheres of life. Where did it come from? What ideas are behind it? This book exposes the surprisingly shallow intellectual roots of the movements that appear to be engulfing our culture."

—Steven Pinker, Johnstone Professor of Psychology, Harvard University, and author of Enlightenment Now
 

"Cynical Theories is a brilliant book, offering an incisive and much needed critique of the cult of social justice. The authors painstakingly trace its origins in postmodernism and, in doing so, expose the ways in which a once fashionable coterie of theorists infiltrated the mainstream with catastrophic consequences for liberalism, equality, and free speech."

—Andrew Doyle, creator of Titania McGrath
 

"In this important and timely book, Pluckrose and Lindsay trace the intellectual origins of today's Social Justice crusaders. With clear prose and a fair-minded spirit, they argue forcefully that struggles for social justice are strongest when they are founded on respect for evidence, reason, and free and open debate. They deplore the harm that closed-minded Social Justice ideologues are doing to the cause of social justice (lower-case), and they offer practical strategies for doing better."

—Alan Sokal, Professor of Mathematics, University College London, and coauthor of Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science
 

"A fascinating and mandatory guide to understanding the culture war. Meticulously researched and impeccably written, Cynical Theories offers explanations as to how we got here and the best solutions going forward."

—Debra Soh, PhD, sex neuroscientist and author of The End of Gender
 

"If you want to know the philosophy behind cancel culture and why it is so creepy, get this book. Then, give it to your friends and family." 

—Ayaan Hirsi Ali, human rights activist
 

"Is there a school of thought so empty, so vacuous, so pretentious, so wantonly obscurantist, so stupefyingly boring that even a full-frontal attack on it cannot be read without an exasperated yawn? Yes. It is called postmodernism. If you sincerely want to understand what postmodernism is, read this exceptionally well-informed book by two noble heroes of the enlightenment project. If you have better uses for your neurons and your time, stick to science. It’s the real deal."

Richard Dawkins, emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford

About the Author

Helen Pluckrose is a liberal political and cultural writer and speaker. She is the editor of Areo Magazine and the author of many popular essays on postmodernism, critical theory, liberalism, secularism, and feminism. A participant in the Grievance Studies Affair probe, which highlighted problems in social justice scholarship, she is today an exile from the humanities, where she researched late medieval and early modern religious writing by and for women. She lives in England.

James Lindsay is a mathematician with a background in physics. He is interested in the psychology of religion, authoritarianism, and extremism and is the author of Everybody is Wrong about God. His other books include Life in Light of Death and How to Have Impossible Conversations. His essays have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, Philosophers’ Magazine, Scientific American, and Time. He led the Grievance Studies Affair probe that made international headlines in 2018, including the front page of the New York Times. He lives in Tennessee.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Pitchstone Publishing; None edition (August 25, 2020)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 352 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1634312023
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1634312028
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.4 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6 x 1 x 9 inches
  • Customer Reviews:

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Customer reviews

4.7 out of 5 stars
4.7 out of 5
4,587 global ratings

Customers say

Customers find the content informative, humorous, and learned. Opinions are mixed on readability, with some finding it well-written and inviting, while others find it hard to read and the text ridiculously small.

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149 customers mention "Content"125 positive24 negative

Customers find the book really informative, approachable, and important for understanding illiberalism. They also say the book is a systematic breakdown of current critical trends. Readers also describe the authors as extremely smart, revolutionary, and humorous. They say the content is helpful but flawed.

"...This new Woke activism is anti-liberal, revolutionary, echoing sentiments eerily similar to Mao’s Cultural Revolution...." Read more

"...description or conclusion, but you will find it richly beneficial in readdressing your perceptions and giving you ideas for the way forward...." Read more

"...The taxonomy of leftist identarian thought is fascinating...." Read more

"...Overall, this is a solid introduction and fair take on a serious issue—the decaying status of free speech in the US by tracing its roots in what were..." Read more

8 customers mention "Relevance"8 positive0 negative

Customers find the book timely and true.

"This book is so true and so timely. It is the antidote to the woke madness and mass hysteria we are seeing seeping out into our streets...." Read more

"Couldn’t recommend a book more. Timely and prescient for what we are going through as a country...." Read more

"...Incredibly timely and important book." Read more

"Timely, truthful, and troubling to the irrational woke!" Read more

94 customers mention "Readability"58 positive36 negative

Customers are mixed about the readability. Some find the book well written, and well presented, with great elegance and humor. However, others say it's hard to read, repetitive, and difficult to acquire a reasonable grasp of the topic. They also mention that the text is ridiculously small.

"...This well documented tome is written with an even hand that gives judicious thinkers truck loads of material for perceiving the modern moment and..." Read more

"...you boil down their primary ideas and arguments, they’re actually quite simple, shallow, and at times even bordering on anti-intellectual...." Read more

"...This book does an outstanding job describing Postmodernism, Theory, Social Justice, and does an equally impressive job explaining its danger to the..." Read more

"...Cynical Theories is a well written, and well researched study into the history of Critical Theories and the dangers they represent today in their..." Read more

James Lindsay is the most important personality in the Culture War
5 out of 5 stars
James Lindsay is the most important personality in the Culture War
"Have you ever noticed that some of the Feminist literature sounds a bit little like Christian scripture?"This was the sentiment that Peter Boghossian and James Lindsay (the coauthor) suggested to some notable attendees at an Atheist conference some years ago.They weren't wrong.Fast forward to 2021, and several forms of so-called "Wokeness" or Critical Social Justice permeate our society. From BLM protests calling statues of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Abraham Lincoln "racist" to the accusations levied against Harry Potter author JK Rohling as "bigoted", to the teaching of the ideas of "White Privilege" and "Whiteness" to school children as young as 6 years old in more and more schools across the country and across the Western world, our society has got something weird going on with it.In this book, James Lindsay and Helen Pluckrose give us perhaps the most robust overview of these ideas. They trace these culturally-Marxist ideas back to their philosophical origins in French Postmodernist literature and step through the history, with great attention paid to the nuance and carefully laying out -- in lay terms that anyone can understand -- what it is that the Critical view of the world is, and why the seemingly crazy ideas, when viewed through this modern lens, can be rationalized by otherwise sensible people.Critical Social Justice is a novel kind of pseudo-religious belief system. Efforts to contend with it through Liberal modes of reason and rationality have come up short. Helen and James lay out how the best way to understand (and defend against) these ideas is to understand the nature of this belief system, and to understand the aggressive activist techniques used for its evangelism.This book will surely find it's way on many stores' banned books list. Make sure to get your copy before Amazon labels it "Problematic" and removes it from their store front!
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Top reviews from the United States

Reviewed in the United States on February 20, 2021
If you’re confused at hearing words like “white privilege”, “decolonization”, “cisgender”, “patriarchy” and “systemic racism” being used so often, this book is an in-depth encyclopedia behind the origins of these terms.

But I must say upfront: the ideologies you will learn about in this book are needlessly convoluted and obscure. And this has nothing to do with the authors of this book! Lindsay and Pluckrose have done extensive homework on the subjects they are critiquing and provide a HUGE service in shining a light on them.

The problem is the ideologies themselves, ideologies that WANT to be needlessly convoluted and obscure for the sake of being politically subversive.

There’s a quote from Einstein: “𝘐𝘧 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘤𝘢𝘯’𝘵 𝘦𝘹𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘪𝘯 𝘪𝘵 𝘴𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘺, 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘥𝘰𝘯’𝘵 𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘵 𝘸𝘦𝘭𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩.” This quote wholeheartedly applies here.

If I could summarize the ideologies you’ll read about in this book in one word it would be: pretentious.

They are ideologies which, because of their obscurantism, individuals in the general public have come to believe are far more profound and insightful than they actually are. But when you break them down, when you boil down their primary ideas and arguments, they’re actually quite simple, shallow, and at times even bordering on anti-intellectual.

Truly, the Emperor has no clothes.

One reason I decided to read this book is because I’m seeing these ideas actually being taken seriously, not only in certain areas of academia but also in today’s social justice activism. To emphasize, this is NOT the social justice activism of Martin Luther King Jr. that embraced liberal values and progress through nonviolence.

This new Woke activism is anti-liberal, revolutionary, echoing sentiments eerily similar to Mao’s Cultural Revolution. It’s an activism which encourages people to see everyone through a lens of class struggle. It’s an activism which encourages people to see everyone through a Freudian lens, but instead of being about some unconscious sexual repression it’s now about unconscious racism (Critical Race Theory), unconscious heteronormativity (Queer Theory), unconscious sexism (Feminist Theory), unconscious colonization (Postcolonial Theory), etc.

It’s not a worldview that is searching for truth. It’s a worldview that searches for what it WANTS to believe is true. It starts with a foregone conclusion (“Society is systemically racist!”) and then only seeks evidence to confirm it, even when that evidence is only based upon mere assumptions (“He said I am cute; he must have deeply-engrained sexism! This proves we live in a patriarchy!”).

I recommend this book because, as the authors note, in order to combat bad ideas we need to fully understand the ideas we wish to combat. Whether you’re a Liberal or a Conservative, I recommend everyone give this book a read to make sense of the Woke ideology. On a side note, I also recommend we all get a History lesson on what happened during Mao’s Cultural Revolution.

“𝘈 𝘤𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘰𝘳𝘺 𝘪𝘴 𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘦𝘧𝘭𝘺 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘳𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘩𝘪𝘥𝘥𝘦𝘯 𝘣𝘪𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘹𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘮𝘱𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴, 𝘶𝘴𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘣𝘺 𝘱𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘦𝘯 𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘥 ‘𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘣𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘴,’ 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘺𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘴𝘰𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘵𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘺𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘪𝘵 𝘰𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘴 𝘶𝘱𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘨𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘸𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘨.

𝘛𝘩𝘦𝘺 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘣𝘴𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘱𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘳, 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘶𝘢𝘨𝘦, 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸𝘭𝘦𝘥𝘨𝘦, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘩𝘪𝘱𝘴 𝘣𝘦𝘵𝘸𝘦𝘦𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮. 𝘛𝘩𝘦𝘺 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘭𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘢 𝘭𝘦𝘯𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘥𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘴 𝘱𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘳 𝘥𝘺𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯, 𝘶𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘭 𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘵 — 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘯 𝘸𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘺 𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘯’𝘵 𝘰𝘣𝘷𝘪𝘰𝘶𝘴 𝘰𝘳 𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘭. 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘢 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘭𝘥𝘷𝘪𝘦𝘸 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘤𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘴𝘰𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘭 𝘨𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘷𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘪𝘮𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘢 𝘻𝘦𝘳𝘰-𝘴𝘶𝘮 𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘨𝘨𝘭𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘷𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘬𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘭𝘪𝘬𝘦 𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘦, 𝘴𝘦𝘹, 𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳, 𝘴𝘦𝘹𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘺 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘴.

𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘢 𝘣𝘰𝘰𝘬 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘬𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘭𝘪𝘣𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘭 𝘧𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘴𝘮, 𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘮 𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘵 𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘮, 𝘰𝘳 𝘤𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘢𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘴 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘓𝘎𝘉𝘛 𝘦𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺. 𝘖𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘳𝘺, ‘𝘊𝘺𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘛𝘩𝘦𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘴’ 𝘪𝘴 𝘣𝘰𝘳𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘮𝘪𝘵𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳, 𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘓𝘎𝘉𝘛 𝘦𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘷𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘥𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘦 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘤𝘶𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘭𝘺 𝘣𝘦𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘺 𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 [𝘞𝘰𝘬𝘦] 𝘚𝘰𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘑𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘢𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘴.”
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Reviewed in the United States on December 12, 2020
It was refreshing to watch! The Enlightenment sparring with Postmodernism! Classic Liberalism taking on Social Justice Theory! Secularism scrapping it up with Critical Theory Authoritarianism! And what a match it was. Essayist, James Lindsay, and writer, Helen Pluckrose, who were leading lights in the 2018 grievance studies affair probe, pulled together long hours and research and presented them to the reading public recently in their 352-page hardback, “Cynical Theories: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything about Race, Gender, and Identity – and Why This Harms Everybody.” This well documented tome is written with an even hand that gives judicious thinkers truck loads of material for perceiving the modern moment and helping to fathom what has happened and is happening in the West.

“Cynical Theories” is full-on liberalism: that old, classic liberalism of bygone eras, where liberty of thought, expression and the individual, were held in high regard. It is also a clear secularism eschewing religion and complex spiritual worldviews and moral communities of the left or the right. “This book ultimately seeks to present a philosophically liberal critique of Social Justice scholarship and activism and argues that this scholarship-activism does not further social justice and equality aims” (20). It is not a work undermining liberal feminism, civil rights, or LGBT equality, but is concerned that Social Justice Theory is undercutting all of these and more. So, this is by no stretch of the imagination, a Christian work, nor is it a political or socially conservative manual.

Since there are hundreds upon hundreds of reviews already out and freely available for readers to plumb so they can grasp the intricacies of the volume, I will simply state two reasons (out of many) why I, a Christian pastor, social conservative, and political traditionalist, found the manuscript valuable. I appreciated the helpful distinction Lindsay and Pluckrose made between Social Justice Theory (a reified postmodernism that has its own regimes of truths and moral communities) and social justice (the establishment of liberty and justice for all in society regardless of race, religion, etc.). The authors carefully describe and display the many ways Social Justice Theory dismantles and damages genuine actions of justice in western society. They have also written large the whole matanarratival approach of “The Truth according to Social Justice” and how this newfangled orthodoxy crushes open discussion and viewpoint diversity that has been so necessary in western development and scientific advancements. Further, they tease out many of the fields of “study” where “Theory” has impacted scholarship, and the ways this is changing academia and impacting culture. Their whole criticism of Critical Race Theory, as a case in point, was extremely insightful.

The research presented in “Cynical Theories” will help people decipher more clearly what the see and hear going on, and the why. And will provide readers with important details to aid them in thoughtfully challenging those perspectives. If you’re an educator of kids or college students, you need to read this volume and reassess the educational models you’ve been handed. Are you a journalism, pastor, opinion-shaper of any kind? This book is a must! You may not be happy with every description or conclusion, but you will find it richly beneficial in readdressing your perceptions and giving you ideas for the way forward. I highly recommend the book.
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Top reviews from other countries

Maru
5.0 out of 5 stars Único en su tipo.
Reviewed in Mexico on August 11, 2022
Es un excelente estudio sobre el origen del movimiento SocialJustice.
MARCAO
5.0 out of 5 stars The author goes way beyond issues about what is politically incorrect
Reviewed in Brazil on September 25, 2021
Great book despite on some parts it depicts a dense reading for someone without a background on Social Sciences. I would definitively recommend it!
Emil Jensen
5.0 out of 5 stars Critica di sinistra all'ideologia "woke" ed alla c.d. "Social Justice"
Reviewed in Italy on June 29, 2024
Molto bello: affronta in maniera critica e con un approccio di sinistra le tematiche legate alle cc.dd. ideologie "woke" o "Social Justice", come il neocolonialismo, il femminismo, il razzismo, la "cancel culture", l'obesità e la teoria del "gender".

Mi aspettavo qualcosa di fatto bene ma pur sempre un libro divulgativo, adatto al grande pubblico. In effetti, pur avvertendosi un certo sforzo per renderlo fruibile ad un pubblico più vasto, il libro resta piuttosto tecnico in molti contenuti - cosa che io ho apprezzato (ma che non facilita la lettura di tutti i passaggi).

Nel complesso un libro che mi è piaciuto moltissimo e che sono lieto di suggerire a quanti desiderino capire meglio certe tendenze culturali ed i paradossi che hanno generato.
Jose M.
5.0 out of 5 stars A great book
Reviewed in Spain on March 5, 2023
which deconstructs(!) the various facets of wokenism and sheds light into the absurdity and reactionary character of many aspects of so-called postmodern critical "theory"
Fletch
5.0 out of 5 stars very good
Reviewed in the Netherlands on August 7, 2022
Defiantly worth a read.
Puts Social Justice into perspective and provides solid reasons to object to its insidious approach.
Recommended.