COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 4,437 studies
Analysis of 79 COVID-19 early treatments,
approvals in 118 countries, database of
7,769 treatments
Costanza | 120 patient lactoferrin early treatment RCT: 12% faster viral clearance |
Bell | 35,485 patients sotrovimab early treatment PSM: 50% lower mortality (p=0.2), 12% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.7), 74% lower ICU admission (p=0.006), and 59% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001) |
Thorp | Retrospective study of 108 countries showing negative correlations between hydroxychloroquine/ivermectin use and mortality. Higher ivermectin index.. |
Chaopreecha | In Vitro study showing andrographolide attenuates infection of SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and omicron variants in human lung epithelial cells and monkey.. |
Węgrzynek-Gallina | 232 patients vitamin D sufficiency: 33% shorter hospitalization (p=0.001) |
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi | Israel | 860 | 0.1% (1) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 238,381 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.4% | MortalityDeath | 94.9% |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
Costanza | 120 patient early treatment RCT: 12% faster viral clearance |
Bell | 35,485 patients early treatment PSM: 50% lower mortality (p=0.2), 12% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.7), 74% lower ICU admission (p=0.006), and 59% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001) |
Thorp | Retrospective study of 108 countries showing negative correlations between hydroxychloroquine/ivermectin use and mortality. Higher ivermectin index.. |
Thorp | Retrospective study of 108 countries showing negative correlations between hydroxychloroquine/ivermectin use and mortality. Higher ivermectin index.. |
Shouman | Review of possible mechanisms for lymphopenia in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Authors describe several indirect and direct mechanisms that may contribute to.. |
Chaopreecha | In Vitro study showing andrographolide attenuates infection of SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and omicron variants in human lung epithelial cells and monkey.. |
Chaopreecha | In Vitro study showing andrographolide attenuates infection of SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and omicron variants in human lung epithelial cells and monkey.. |
Węgrzynek-Gallina | 232 patients sufficiency: 33% shorter hospitalization (p=0.001) |
Zhao | In Vitro study showing that leritrelvir and GC376 remained effective against some nirmatrelvir- and ensitrelvir-resistant Mpro mutants. Leritrelvir.. |
Zhao | In Vitro study showing that leritrelvir and GC376 remained effective against some nirmatrelvir- and ensitrelvir-resistant Mpro mutants. Leritrelvir.. |
Kamo | Retrospective 176,197 adverse event reports in Japan showing paxlovid and remdesivir associated with increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in.. |
Zhao | In Vitro study showing that leritrelvir and GC376 remained effective against some nirmatrelvir- and ensitrelvir-resistant Mpro mutants. Leritrelvir.. |
Li | In Vitro study showing that 11 compounds inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 helicase Nsp13, with 7 compounds inhibiting ATPase activity and 4 inhibiting RNA.. |
Yu | 115 patients late treatment: 39% faster recovery (p=0.04) |
Corrao | 146 patients late treatment: 39% lower mortality (p=0.37), 19% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.24), 102% higher ICU admission (p=0.51), and 25% shorter hospitalization (p=0.16) |
Gauiran | 44 patient late treatment RCT: 400% higher mortality (p=0.49), 100% higher ICU admission (p=1), and 7% longer hospitalization (p=0.7) |
Kamo | Retrospective 176,197 adverse event reports in Japan showing paxlovid and remdesivir associated with increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in.. |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Jul 16 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304822 | Real-world effectiveness of sotrovimab in preventing hospitalization and mortality in high-risk patients with COVID-19 in the United States: A cohort study from the Mayo Clinic electronic health records |
50% lower mortality (p=0.2), 12% lower combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.7), 74% lower ICU admission (p=0.006), and 59% lower need for oxygen therapy (p<0.0001). Retrospective 35,485 high-risk COVID-19 outpatients showing lower ICU admission and respiratory support with sotrovimab. There was no significant difference for hospitalization. | ||
Jul 15 |
et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms25147749 | Nutritional and Inflammatory Markers Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Elderly |
Retrospective 43 elderly hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Brazil showing no significant association between vitamin D levels and clinical outcomes. Patients with vitamin D deficiency showed increased inflammatory markers. Data in this st.. | ||
Jul 8 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13133987 | Safety of High-Dose Vitamin C in Non-Intensive Care Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: An Open-Label Clinical Study |
39% lower mortality (p=0.37), 19% lower combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.24), 102% higher ICU admission (p=0.51), and 25% shorter hospitalization (p=0.16). Prospective study of 146 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing shorter hospitalization with high-dose intravenous vitamin C. 104 patients received 10g of vitamin C intravenously daily for 3 days and 42 patients received only standard car.. | ||
Jul 8 |
et al., Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, doi:10.1080/14787210.2024.2376153 | Ursodeoxycholic acid and COVID-19 outcomes: a cohort study and data synthesis of state-of-art evidence |
3% lower mortality (p=0.5) and 32% lower severe cases (p=0.02). Meta analysis of 9 studies showing lower risk of severe/critical COVID-19 with UDCA. There was no significant difference for mortality. Authors also perform a retrospective study which is listed separately [Yu]. | ||
Jul 6 |
et al., Quantitative Biology, doi:10.1002/qub2.60 | Assessing the inhibition efficacy of clinical drugs against the main proteases of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and other coronaviruses |
In Vitro study showing that leritrelvir and GC376 remained effective against some nirmatrelvir- and ensitrelvir-resistant Mpro mutants. Leritrelvir showed better broad-spectrum activity against other pathogenic coronaviruses compared to e.. | ||
Jul 5 |
et al., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01342 | Fixing the Achilles Heel of Pfizer’s Paxlovid for COVID-19 Treatment |
Perspective article discussing the development of ibuzatrelvir (PF-07817883) as a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitor which addresses the metabolic instability of nirmatrelvir and does not require co-administration with ritonavir, t.. | ||
Jul 5 |
et al., Problems of Virology, doi:10.36233/0507-4088-236 | Electrolytes, Zinc and Vitamin D3 in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications |
Retrospective 142 COVID-19 patients and 50 controls showing significantly lower levels of zinc, vitamin D, calcium, potassium, and sodium in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Lower levels of zinc, vitamin D, calcium, and sodium were.. | ||
Jul 4 |
et al., Cell Communication and Signaling, doi:10.1186/s12964-024-01718-3 | SARS-CoV-2-associated lymphopenia: possible mechanisms and the role of CD147 |
Review of possible mechanisms for lymphopenia in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Authors describe several indirect and direct mechanisms that may contribute to the T-cell depletion observed in COVID-19, including inflammatory cytokine storms, hyperl.. | ||
Jul 4 |
et al., Frontiers in Transplantation, doi:10.3389/frtra.2024.1408289 | Remdesivir and molnupiravir had comparable efficacy in lung transplant recipients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19: a single center experience |
272% higher mortality (p=0.28) and 28% lower hospitalization (p=0.58). Retrospective 113 lung transplant recipients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 showing higher mortality with remdesivir and molnupiravir in unadjusted analysis, with statistical significance for remdesivir. mAb PrEP and treatment and the dom.. | ||
Jul 2 |
et al., mBio, doi:10.1128/mbio.01088-24 | The histamine receptor H1 acts as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2 |
In Vitro and mouse study showing that antihistamine drugs targeting the histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Authors find that HRH1 acts as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2 by directly binding to the N-terminal.. | ||
Jul 1 |
et al., Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.4876852 | Proteomic Analysis Identifies the Glutathione Synthesizing Enzyme Gclc as an Andrographolide Target and a Protective Factor Against Sars-Cov-2 Infection |
In Vitro study showing andrographolide attenuates infection of SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and omicron variants in human lung epithelial cells and monkey kidney cells. Proteomic analysis revealed andrographolide induces expression of the glutathi.. | ||
Jul 1 |
et al., Animals and Zoonoses, doi:10.1016/j.azn.2024.06.001 | Thermal shift assay (TSA)-based drug screening strategy for rapid discovery of inhibitors against the Nsp13 helicase of SARS-CoV-2 |
In Vitro study showing that 11 compounds inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 helicase Nsp13, with 7 compounds inhibiting ATPase activity and 4 inhibiting RNA unwinding activity at micromolar concentrations. Authors screened 1,970 FDA-approved drugs .. | ||
Jul 1 |
et al., Occupational Medicine, doi:10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0340 | Night shift work, sleep disruption and risk of COVID-19 outcomes |
Prospective study of 3,319 adults in Spain showing that sleep problems and night shift work were associated with a higher risk of long COVID. | ||
Jun 30 |
et al., The Review of Diabetic Studies, doi:10.1900/RDS.2024.20.12 | The Proportion and Associated Factors for Mortality among COVID-19 Infection with Diabetes in Iraq |
64% lower mortality (p=0.05). Retrospective 545 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes showing high mortality (33%). Metformin, SGLT inhibitors, and DPP4 inhibitors were associated with lower mortality compared with insulin. | ||
Jun 30 |
et al., Journal of Thoracic Disease, doi:10.21037/jtd-23-1604 | Efficacy and safety of casirivimab and imdevimab for preventing and treating COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
Meta analysis of 12 RCTs with 27,179 participants showing that casirivimab/imdevimab treatment significantly reduced viral load, all-cause mortality, and cases. Efficacy was better in patients who were seronegative at baseline. | ||
Jun 30 |
et al., Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, doi:10.3126/jcmsn.v20i2.43302 | Hydroxy Chloroquine Prophylaxis Experience in Doctor Community with COVID-19 in West Bengal |
92% lower mortality (p=0.09), 27% fewer moderate/severe cases (p=0.39), and 16% lower hospitalization (p=0.55). Retrospective 117 COVID-19 positive doctors in India showing lower mortality and severity with HCQ prophylaxis, without statistical significance in unadjusted results without group details. Results do not include the risk of positive cases. | ||
Jun 30 |
et al., Sexually Transmitted Infections, doi:10.1136/sextrans-ICAR-2024.256 | Lactoferrin assumption in vaccinated subjects infected by SARS-CoV-2 may influence time length of negativization |
12% faster viral clearance. RCT 120 patients showing faster viral clearance with lactoferrin treatment. The currently available abstract has minimal details and does not report the confidence interval of the result. | ||
Jun 27 |
et al., In Vivo, doi:10.21873/invivo.13637 | Association of Antiviral Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19 With Acute Renal Failure |
Retrospective 176,197 adverse event reports in Japan showing paxlovid and remdesivir associated with increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in COVID-19 patients. | ||
Jun 26 |
, NCT04359680 | Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Nitazoxanide (NTZ) for Pre- and Post Exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 and Other Viral Respiratory Illnesses (VRI) in Healthcare Workers and Others at Increased Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
43% lower progression (p=0.02), 50% faster recovery (p=0.1), and 3% fewer cases (p=1). RCT 1,407 healthcare workers and others at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, showing no difference in COVID-19 cases (13 in each group). There was lower symptom severity for nitazoxanide and a trend towards shorter illness duration. There.. | ||
Jun 25 |
et al., Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, doi:10.9734/ajarr/2024/v18i7697 | In silico Screening of Potential Drug Candidate against Chain a of Coronavirus Binding Protein from Major Nigella Bioactive Compounds |
In Silico study of components of nigella sativa, showing nigellamine C, nigeglanine, nigellamine D, nigellicine, nigellidine, and nigellone had higher binding affinity compared to ribavirin, favipiravir, remdesivir, and nirmatrelvir, to t.. | ||
Jun 24 |
et al., Cardiology Research, doi:10.14740/cr1645 | Effect of Aspirin Use on the Adverse Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 |
14% lower mortality (p=0.61), 30% lower ventilation (p=0.24), 40% lower progression (p=0.05), and 6% worse results (p=0.88). Retrospective 376 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States showing no significant differences with aspirin. Mortality, mechanical ventilation, and hypoxia were lower with treatment, without statistical significance. | ||
Jun 24 |
et al., Journal of Zhejiang University - SCIENCE B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology, doi:10.1631/jzus.B2300538 | Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection in China during the Omicron wave: a single-center cohort study |
53% higher mortality (p=0.22). Retrospective 324 hospitalized kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 showing no significant benefit with molnupiravir, paxlovid, or azvudine. The study was conducted during the omicron wave in China between December 2022 and January .. | ||
Jun 24 |
et al., Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, doi:10.1186/s41043-024-00584-6 | Efficacy of highly bioavailable oral curcumin in asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial |
47% lower progression (p=0.48). RCT 138 COVID-19 outpatients in Japan showing lower progression to fever and hypoxemia with curcuRouge, a highly bioavailable oral curcumin formulation, compared to placebo. The curcuRouge group also had a greater reduction in body temper.. | ||
Jun 22 |
et al., Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms12071269 | The Value of Ursodeoxycholic Acid and Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Severe COVID-19 |
62% lower mortality (p=0.03). Retrospective 167 severe COVID-19 patients showing lower mortality with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Timing and duration of treatment is unknown - UDCA patients may have been on UDCA since before COVID-19. | ||
Jun 21 |
et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.17977 | Cannabis, Tobacco Use, and COVID-19 Outcomes |
3% lower mortality (p=0.73), 27% higher ICU admission (p<0.0001), and 80% higher hospitalization (p<0.0001). Retrospective 72,501 COVID-19 patients in the USA showing cannabis use associated with higher risk of hospitalization and ICU admission. | ||
Jun 21 |
et al., ChemistryOpen, doi:10.1002/open.202300198 | Phytoconstituents of Citrus limon (Lemon) as Potential Inhibitors Against Multi Targets of SARS‐CoV‐2 by Use of Molecular Modelling and In Vitro Determination Approaches |
In Silico study showing potential benefits of quercetin for COVID-19. Authors found that quercetin exhibited significant binding affinity to three SARS-CoV-2 targets: main protease (Mpro), spike glycoprotein, and RNA-dependent RNA polymer.. | ||
Jun 21 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305323 | Does behavior mediate the effect of weather on SARS-CoV-2 transmission? Evidence from cell-phone data |
Mediation analysis of meteorological, cell-phone mobility, and building footprint data from five Colorado counties, showing that weather directly impacted COVID-19 hospitalizations, while the indirect effect via changes in time spent indo.. | ||
Jun 19 |
et al., Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2024.05.031 | Blockade of endolysosomal acidification suppresses TLR3-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling in airway epithelial cells |
In Vitro study showing that blocking endolysosomal acidification with bafilomycin A1, monensin, or niclosamide suppresses TLR3-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling in human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs) stimulated with TLR3 agonis.. | ||
Jun 19 |
et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107136 | Real-world evidence of sotrovimab effectiveness for preventing severe outcomes in patients with COVID-19: A quality improvement propensity matched retrospective cohort study of a pan-provincial program in Alberta, Canada |
20% higher combined mortality/hospitalization (p=0.2). Retrospective propensity-matched study of 22,289 high-risk COVID-19 outpatients in Canada, showing no significant difference in combined hospitalization/mortality with sotrovimab treatment. In a subgroup analysis of patients with no comor.. |
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 4,437 studies,
2,266 present results comparing with a control group,
2,067 are treatment studies, and
199 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
73 animal studies,
163 in silico studies,
268 in vitro studies,
296 reviews,
and 201 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.