Factors Associated with Time to Receiving Gender-Affirming Hormones and Puberty Blockers at a Pediatric Clinic Serving Transgender and Nonbinary Youth
- PMID: 37810940
- PMCID: PMC10551760
- DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2021.0116
Factors Associated with Time to Receiving Gender-Affirming Hormones and Puberty Blockers at a Pediatric Clinic Serving Transgender and Nonbinary Youth
Abstract
Purpose: To describe barriers to care for a cohort of transgender and nonbinary (TNB) youth and examine factors associated with delays in receiving puberty blockers (PBs) or gender-affirming hormones (GAHs).
Methods: We used longitudinal data from a prospective cohort of TNB youth seeking care at a multidisciplinary pediatric gender clinic between August 2017 and June 2018. We calculated the time between (i) initial clinic contact, (ii) phone intake, (iii) first medical appointment, and (iv) initiating PBs/GAHs. We estimated Kaplan-Meier curves for each time-to-care interval and used Cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for factors hypothesized to be barriers and facilitators of care.
Results: Our cohort included 104 youth aged 13-20 years. The median time from contacting the clinic to initiating PBs/GAHs was 307 days (range, 54-807). Lower income level, Medicaid insurance, and lack of family support were associated with longer times from contacting the clinic to completing the first medical appointment. In addition, older youth experienced longer times to first medical appointment relative to youth aged 13-14 years. Youth younger than 18 years of age who did not complete a mental health assessment before their first medical appointment experienced delays from first medical appointment to initiating PBs/GAHs (HR=0.44, 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.88).
Conclusion: Certain subsets of youth disproportionately experienced delays in receiving gender-affirming medications, and these factors varied by stage of care engagement. Given the association between gender-affirming care and improved mental health, identifying sociostructural and clinic-level barriers to care is critically important to facilitating more equitable access.
Keywords: gender-affirming hormones; health care barriers; mental health assessment; puberty blockers; survival analysis; transgender youth.
Copyright 2023, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.
Conflict of interest statement
D.M.T. receives support unrelated to this work from National Institutes of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Grant No. F31AI152542). The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.
Similar articles
-
Associations Among Gender-Affirming Hormonal Interventions, Social Support, and Transgender Adolescents' Mental Health.J Adolesc Health. 2023 Jun;72(6):860-868. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.01.031. Epub 2023 Apr 6. J Adolesc Health. 2023. PMID: 37029048
-
Care for Transgender Young People.Horm Res Paediatr. 2022;95(5):405-414. doi: 10.1159/000524030. Epub 2022 Mar 10. Horm Res Paediatr. 2022. PMID: 35272283 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Mental Health Outcomes in Transgender and Nonbinary Youths Receiving Gender-Affirming Care.JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Feb 1;5(2):e220978. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0978. JAMA Netw Open. 2022. PMID: 35212746 Free PMC article.
-
Take the T out, put the T in: Gender-affirming hormones in youth.Andrology. 2021 Nov;9(6):1698-1706. doi: 10.1111/andr.13055. Epub 2021 Jun 18. Andrology. 2021. PMID: 34048640 Review.
-
Youth and Caregiver Perspectives on Barriers to Gender-Affirming Health Care for Transgender Youth.J Adolesc Health. 2016 Sep;59(3):254-261. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.017. Epub 2016 May 24. J Adolesc Health. 2016. PMID: 27235374
Cited by
-
The development and the use of gender-affirming online resources and games for gender-independent, intersex, non-binary, and transgender (GIaNT) children and youth: A scoping review protocol.PLoS One. 2023 Nov 29;18(11):e0294869. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294869. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 38019826 Free PMC article.
-
Evaluating an Electronic Consultation Platform to Support Pediatric Primary Care Providers in Caring for Transgender and Nonbinary Adolescents.Telemed J E Health. 2024 Feb;30(2):595-600. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2023.0266. Epub 2023 Aug 25. Telemed J E Health. 2024. PMID: 37624647 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Gridley SJ, Crouch JM, Evans Y, et al. . Youth and caregiver perspectives on barriers to gender-affirming health care for transgender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2016;59:254–261. - PubMed
-
- Vance SR, Halpern-Felsher BL, Rosenthal SM. Health care providers' comfort with and barriers to care of transgender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56:251–253. - PubMed
-
- Padula WV, Baker K. Coverage for gender-affirming care: making health insurance work for transgender Americans. LGBT Health. 2017;4:244–247. - PubMed