… In this section, we describe how we can measure the prevalence of rare Internet user activity
by probing the caches of public DNS resolvers. We begin by describing why public DNS …

… and 2020. Table III shows the prevalence of several providers other than those indicated as
common … We also noticed that the top 10 providers in 2020 account for a larger portion of the …

… use DNS queries. However, we observe that the shared local caches at these public DNS
… accessible to any remote adversary, thus cautioning the migration to public DNS resolvers. …

… queries, we include the EDNS(0) OPT RR with an EDNS(0) Buffer Size of 1,232 bytes as
proposed by the DNS flag day 2020 … either ISP or public DNS services as upstream DNS, which …

… In the following sections, we actively scan for open DNS resolvers in IPv4 and IPv6 address
… This work has been carried out in the framework of the VIGIE 2020/0653 project funded by …

… However, nowadays there is an increase in open public DNS services [23]. Moreover,
resolvers … of iot devices via passive dns traffic analysis,” in 2020 IEEE European Symposium on …

… even query DNS only once upon start-up and do not respect the DNS cache … to a public
DNS resolver, such as Google’s or Cloudflare’s public DNS, the GeoDNS sees the public DNS …

… question, we analyze the public data from HTTP Archive [6] for February, June, and September
2020 … When the clients configured Google Public DNS, we see that the East US client was …

… the Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) [12]) dataset, we have analyzed 8 major
public DNS … request with the ECS we sent from the client and Google’s open DNS resolver …

… The tremendous growth of the mobile Internet, with over 11 billion devices connected by 2020
[… significant public DNS usage by cellular clients outside the US This breaks from common …