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Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics Reprint Edition

by Edward G. Carmines (Author)

4.7 4 ratings

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Editorial Reviews

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"This is one of the most important books in political science to have been published in the post-World War II era. It is a book indispensable for anyone who wishes to understand contemporary American politics and public opinion."---Bernard Grofman, International Journal of Public Opinion Research

From the Back Cover

"A major contribution to the study of realignment and political change. [This book] will be as important as the works of Sundquist, Clubb, and even Key."--Gerald M. Pomper, Rutgers University

Product details

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Princeton University Press; Reprint edition (January 1, 1989)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 217 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 069102331X
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0691023311
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 12 ounces
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6 x 0.54 x 9.25 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #2,348,491 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #2,162 in General Elections & Political Process
- #6,044 in African History (Books)
- #7,914 in Political Science (Books)

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James A. Stimson
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Vegan Matt

Classic on Race and American Politics

Reviewed in the United States on August 8, 2009

C&S drive home the central place of race in twentieth century politics. It's an excellent political history, and also an important pioneering work on punctuated equilibrium models of political change (see Baumgartner and Jones 2009 for the fruits of this approach).

If the work has a drawback, it's that the model is developed from a single case that is by selection exceptional. That is, race is an "issue evolution" in that as it developed it changed the American political landscape. The book does not give as clear a picture of how the vast majority of issues move through the political system. Again, try pairing it with B&J 2009.

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M.P. Arsenault

What makes issues stick?

Reviewed in the United States on December 7, 2009

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Carmines and Stimson seek to explain the origin of politically salient issues, why some issues survive in a highly competitive contest for public attention, and how some issues are able to transform the political environment from which they evolved. Specifically, the look at issues and parties.

The authors contend that the ever increasing complexity of society draws many interests and issues into the competitive political environment (Berry and Wilcox 1997, would agree). In this complex arena some issues gain public attention, and subsequently importance, while others do not. Importance and attention can stem from a number of sources. First, strategic politicians may draw attention to an issue to gain power. The party in power will seek to maintain public attention on their winning "issue agenda," while the opposition party will seek to generate "issue conflicts" to upset the status quo (see also Downs 1957; and Schattschneider 1960). Second, new problems emerge, and public debate occurs regarding the best way to solve them. Third, an older issue may be applied to a new context, and subsequently a new issue may develop and evolve, different from the original. Lastly, internal contradictions may emerge between existing issues, problems, and solutions. Form this imbalance, new issues emerge.

Aside from the sources of issue competition, Carmines and Stimson are interested in the outcomes of such competition. They contend that issue outcomes can take three forms, each with various chances of reshaping the political environment. First, we may find "organic extensions" in which new issues fit into older conflicts. Because they simply are a continuation of older debates, they are unlikely to shift the political system in a new direction. Second, we may find "unsuccessful adpations" in which new issues fail to capture public attention or fade quickly. Such issues, too, are unlikely to change the political environment. Carmines and Stimson concentrate mostly on a third possible outcome, issue evolutions.

Issue evolutions are issues capable of changing the political environment, and most importantly for Carmines and Stimson, can drastically change the party system. Issue evolutions have a number of unique characteristics that make them different from either "organic extensions" and "unsuccessful adaptations" which make them better able to lead to changes in the political/party system.

Unlike "organic extensions" in which new issues simply fall into routine partisan conflicts, issue evolutions "introduce tensions into the party system, inconsistent with the continued stability of old patters" (11). Furthermore, issue evolution issues remain salient to the public for a longer period of time, and as such, tend to consist of both short-term and long-term effects.

Because of these characteristics, issue evolutions cut across party lines, and led to vote-defections, thus disrupting the "link between citizen and party" (11). Carmines and Stimson write, "Only issues of this type have the capacity to reshape the party system, replacing one dominant alignment with another and transforming the character of the parties themselves" (11).

Carmines and Stimson also discuss what types of issues are like to lead to issue evolutions. They contend that "easy" issues are likely to become issue evolutions. "Easy" issues are those that are easily understood and affect people on a visceral level. To form a strong opinion, the person does not need factual or contextual knowledge, or a vast understanding of the political world. As such, "easy" issue can produce a mass response which transcends socioeconomic divisions.

Carmines and Stimson recognize that issue evolutions are rare. Drawing the necessary attention to an issue, and maintaining that attention is very difficult. Nevertheless, issue evolutions do occur. They authors analyze the way the issue of race became an issue evolution and reshaped the political and party environment.
In short, the issue evolution model contends that on rare occasions a visceral, contentions issue will arise that can reshape both party and mass politics. Issue evolutions are a dynamic process, and as such we must establish the causal process.

Carmines and Stimson contend that the first step of an issue evolution stems from "elite reorientations on contentious issues" (160). This is illustrated by the shift of party elites to concentrate on racial issues in the 1960s. In response to demographic changes, Republican elites became more racially conservative, while Democrats became or progressive (see Rohde 1991 on how this changed committee structures). We see that the issue of race has taken on partisan emphasis.

The second phase of issue evolution consists of a "delayed, more inertial reaction in the mass electorate" in response to elite reorientation (160). Often the response stems from those who actively participate in politics. It is the "activists" who often shape the perceptions of the parties. When activists begin to see the change in elite orientations, they begin to support various political contenders. The activist perception of the parties and candidates can then be transmitted to the masses more generally. The masses begin to see the parties take different positions on an issue.

Building on this, the third phase addressed changes in the party image. When the issue is visceral (an easy issue), voters have a very strong response and through the "clustering" of beliefs (Converse 1964) the masses begin to see a "gut" issue (here race) as associated with a number of other party issues. Once parties are associated with these new "clustered" belief systems, we will see new "policy alignments among the mass electorate" (161) and subsequent potential realignment.

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