I never noticed before that the Fourth Gospel doesn't mention hell. I did notice, though, that demon possession, which is a main focus of the Synoptics, is conspicuous by its absence.
I think that there is a problem in that you have conflated the commandment to "love one another", which in context clearly means "love all disciples of Christ" with other injunctions to love everyone.
It is indeed a divine commandment that all men must love the disciples of Christ. It applies to those who are not Christian as well, if they do not love the disciples of Christ, they are guilty of grave sin.
The injunctions to "love everyone" are not commandments because they are circumstantial. They all have implicit caveats that amount to "love everyone whom it would not be unjust to love". Of course, in the Christian view there exists a kind of divine love which it is never unjust to extend because it allows no support to participating in anything unjust.
This is the love with which one cries repentance of sin, and administers just punishment of the criminal to save the innocent. Ultimately, it amounts merely to not being pleased with anything evil in the beloved.
I can say that this kind of love is mostly beyond me. While there are times that I am not pleased with evil, it is hardly a general rule that I won't be. Of course, I am aware of this merely because I recognize that "evil" is not simply a matter of what happens to displease me personally.
@CCL - "I think that there is a problem in that you have conflated the commandment to "love one another", which in context clearly means "love all disciples of Christ" with other injunctions to love everyone."
I am trying to distinguish these, not conflate them!
@William - There is an implication of demonic possession - e.g. 8: 48 - say we not well that thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil? Jesus answered, I have not a devil...
Yes, there is that (false) accusation of demon possession, but no actually possessed people appear in the Fourth Gospel. In the Synoptics, casting out devils is a central aspect of Jesus' ministry.
@William - Yes. There are many differences of that sort between the Synoptics and the Fourth. To understand them, depends on how the Gospels are 'ranked' - most Christians seem implicitly to have decided either to rank the Gosepels equally (or, adding some Pauline Epistles to the set of primary texts; in either case the Fourth is out-voted) or to assert that the Fourth was written later as a supplement - which I regard as false, absurd and (most significantly) self-serving.
Because If the Fourth Gospel had been taken to be what it says it is, then it would Not provide a good basis for the kind of religion that Christianity soon became: ie. a state religion, controlled by priests and based upon religious laws. Consciously or subconsciously, I believe that early scholars sensed the incompatability/ tension between the Fourth Gospel and the actual Church - and therefore downgraded it.
It may be that the kind of Empire-integrated religion that Christianity soon became was the best, and only possible, direction it could have gone - in practice. Not least because human consciousness was so different in those days. But now - much has changed, that kind of Christianity has gone from the world, and human consciousness has different strengths and needs.
25 July 2018 at 06:08
There is a tendency to regard the injunction that Christians should Love One Another as something like a Law, imposed upon Man - with the main significance being that if you break the Law, then you will be 'sent' to Hell*.
Certainly that seems to be the way that this is used against Christians: non-Christians and anti-Christians are forever accusing Christians of insufficient love towards all-other-people.
Yet the appearance of the phrase Love One Another within the Fourth Gospel shows that that meaning can't be the one intended as primary.
Here is the context:
John 13:31 Therefore, when he was gone out, Jesus said, Now is the Son of man glorified, and God is glorified in him. 32 If God be glorified in him, God shall also glorify him in himself, and shall straightway glorify him. 33 Little children, yet a little while I am with you. Ye shall seek me: and as I said unto the Jews, Whither I go, ye cannot come; so now I say to you. 34 A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another. 35 By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another. 36 Simon Peter said unto him, Lord, whither goest thou? Jesus answered him, Whither I go, thou canst not follow me now; but thou shalt follow me afterwards.
Jesus is talking with his disciples about his own glorification - his ascension to Heaven. The new commandment to love one another is about what they need to do to follow Jesus to Heaven.
Love between Men seems to be a part of the 'process' by which Men can follow Jesus through death to life everlasting; presumably mutual love between the disciples it is a part of life everlasting.
To my mind, from its context; 'love one another' seems to be primarily (not exclusively) about life beyond death. The way I see it is that it is love for Jesus that enables Men to follow him through death; and love of 'one another' that makes this more than a solitary glorification. It is about the loving family of glorified men, following Jesus together.
It is not an injunction for everybody to love everybody, but a specific injunction for the disciples to love each other. We assume that 'love one another' applies to all followers of Jesus: that is to all disciples - but there seems nothing to suggest it goes beyond that circle.
And its importance is rooted in the life to come: which means that 'love one another is not about 'getting to Heaven' so much as what happens when we get there. Following Jesus is not a matter of escaping something we fear as it is a matter of joining something we want.
Love one another is therefore not really a passport to heaven (even less a get-out-of-Hell card); but a fundamental insight into the nature of life everlasting, which is being offered by Jesus. Because love is the basis and matrix of the New Life - it is what hold-together God's creation.
Love is analogous to the 'unified field' that supposedly makes the universe cohere and develop; but love is about relationships between persons: that is the ultimate metaphysical reality.
*Note: The Fourth Gospel doesn't use the word Hell, nor say much about the horrors of the life after death without Christ; nor a place of torment - even to his accusers whom Jesus characterises as children of Satan; but focuses almost-wholly on the 'benefits' of Life Everlasting, or 'Heaven'. The overall message is of a New Possibility, a possibility that must be chosen.
"Why should we 'love one another'? (The Fourth Gospel)"
5 Comments -
I never noticed before that the Fourth Gospel doesn't mention hell. I did notice, though, that demon possession, which is a main focus of the Synoptics, is conspicuous by its absence.
23 July 2018 at 11:53
I think that there is a problem in that you have conflated the commandment to "love one another", which in context clearly means "love all disciples of Christ" with other injunctions to love everyone.
It is indeed a divine commandment that all men must love the disciples of Christ. It applies to those who are not Christian as well, if they do not love the disciples of Christ, they are guilty of grave sin.
The injunctions to "love everyone" are not commandments because they are circumstantial. They all have implicit caveats that amount to "love everyone whom it would not be unjust to love". Of course, in the Christian view there exists a kind of divine love which it is never unjust to extend because it allows no support to participating in anything unjust.
This is the love with which one cries repentance of sin, and administers just punishment of the criminal to save the innocent. Ultimately, it amounts merely to not being pleased with anything evil in the beloved.
I can say that this kind of love is mostly beyond me. While there are times that I am not pleased with evil, it is hardly a general rule that I won't be. Of course, I am aware of this merely because I recognize that "evil" is not simply a matter of what happens to displease me personally.
23 July 2018 at 13:01
@CCL - "I think that there is a problem in that you have conflated the commandment to "love one another", which in context clearly means "love all disciples of Christ" with other injunctions to love everyone."
I am trying to distinguish these, not conflate them!
@William - There is an implication of demonic possession - e.g. 8: 48 - say we not well that thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil? Jesus answered, I have not a devil...
23 July 2018 at 18:44
Yes, there is that (false) accusation of demon possession, but no actually possessed people appear in the Fourth Gospel. In the Synoptics, casting out devils is a central aspect of Jesus' ministry.
25 July 2018 at 01:05
@William - Yes. There are many differences of that sort between the Synoptics and the Fourth. To understand them, depends on how the Gospels are 'ranked' - most Christians seem implicitly to have decided either to rank the Gosepels equally (or, adding some Pauline Epistles to the set of primary texts; in either case the Fourth is out-voted) or to assert that the Fourth was written later as a supplement - which I regard as false, absurd and (most significantly) self-serving.
Because If the Fourth Gospel had been taken to be what it says it is, then it would Not provide a good basis for the kind of religion that Christianity soon became: ie. a state religion, controlled by priests and based upon religious laws. Consciously or subconsciously, I believe that early scholars sensed the incompatability/ tension between the Fourth Gospel and the actual Church - and therefore downgraded it.
It may be that the kind of Empire-integrated religion that Christianity soon became was the best, and only possible, direction it could have gone - in practice. Not least because human consciousness was so different in those days. But now - much has changed, that kind of Christianity has gone from the world, and human consciousness has different strengths and needs.
25 July 2018 at 06:08