A digital illustration showing a strand of DNA (red and blue) wrapped around histone proteins (gray). The DNA strand comprising each chromosome is tightly packed into clusters of wrapped histones to compress the long molecule and streamline separation of copied chromosomes during cell replication. The strand is carefully unwound by different enzymes, including TIP60, to make it accessible for duplication and gene expression. A chrome-colored methane storage tank featuring the Mango Materials logo rises above a rooftop, with a cloudy blue sky and rainbow in the background. Two scientists point at a figure on the computer.

At Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, we are expanding the frontiers of knowledge and delivering solutions for science and humankind.

 Anothai Thanachareonkit, a person with medium-length dark hair wearing glasses and a blue top. Anastasiia Butko, a person with medium-length brown hair wearing a jean jacket over a white top. Dark-haired person with glasses wearing a pink shirt, pearls, and a black blazer. White text over a blue background saying "R&D 100 Awards" Collage of PDG's 'Review of Particle Physics' presentations in print and online, with sample code labeled PDG API in the center, on a blue background. This image shows the cobalt defect fabricated by the study team. The green and yellow circles are tungsten and sulfur atoms that make up a 2D tungsten disulfide sample. The dark blue circles on the surface are cobalt atoms. The lower-right area highlighted in blue-green is a hole previously occupied by a sulfur atom. The area highlighted in reddish-purple is a defect—a sulfur vacancy filled with a cobalt atom. The scanning tunneling microscope (gray) is using electric current (light blue) to measure the defect’s atomic-scale properties.