The physical space of the MSK Library located in the MSK Scholar’s Residence Building (with Library entrance at 430 E 67th Street) is scheduled to close to visitors on Friday, May 17, 2024. The library’s online services will not be affected by the closing of the physical location.
Although Cochrane Library offers a MeSH search functionality, many searchers use just keyword searching so that not to duplicate the effort if they’ve already searched with MeSH in Pubmed or with Emtree terms in Embase (these 2 databases are major sources of Cochrane CENTRAL content).
There are four main ways to search Cochrane Library using keywords. The main difference between these four types of keyword searches is what is going on behind the scenes and how much control is given to the user in creating their search.
Basic Search
Cochrane’s most basic search is the search bar found on their homepage. It defaults to searching title, abstract, and keyword – however it gives little ability to modify searches or create comprehensive search strategies.
This search should only be used for the most basic and general searches, and not for conducting any type of literature review search.
The basic search also offers users to browse pre-set topics. These topics will automatically execute search on that topic to find Cochrane Reviews and Review Protocols, but it will not include results found in Trials.
Once a search is conducted using the basic search bar, the results are immediately displayed but also, the search string will appear within the advanced search page and the options below will become available for searches going forward.
Search Tab
The Search tab can be found by clicking on Advanced Search on the Cochrane homepage, just under the basic search bar; this takes you to the advanced search tabs. The main Search tab allows for more control of how and what is searched.
First, it allows for multiple search lines (that can be combined with Boolean operators), so you can combine multiple terms/concepts together easily. By clicking on the + it adds a new search box and from there you can identify what Boolean operator (AND, OR, NOT) you wish to use to combine the terms.
The advanced search tab also allows users to search a specific field (as opposed to just title/abstract/keyword). It also has search limit ability, to focus results by publication date or content type.
The one limitation of the search tab is it has limits on the length of search string used, similarly to basic search. The solution is to select Send to Search Manager instead of clicking Run Search.
Search Using Word Variations
One benefit of using the Search Tab (as compared to using the more functionally complex Search Manager), is that searches conducted in this tab are searched with wordvariations (except for the truncated terms), based on a Cochrane algorithm. In these instances, the Cochrane Library provides a note after the search string: (Word variations have been searched).
For example, if you search on “artificial intelligence” the algorithm will also include the phrase “artificially intelligent” to your search strategy. If you want to include these word variations in a complex search in Search Manager you must use the Search tab and then send the executed search to Search Manager to be included in your larger search strategy.
Search Manager will then format that search by enclosing it in parentheses and adding the field codes that were selected in the search tab (ex. ti,ab,kw) followed by the note (Word variations have been searched).
NOTE: Since word variations are ONLY added when the search is initiated from the Search tab, results will differ if the same search strategy is run in the Search tab as opposed to Search Manager. See example below to understand how results can differ in different circumstances:
Start from Search Tab
1. Enter terms and run search:
breast cancer AND hormone therapy
Results: 7,643 (split between Cochrane Reviews: 45 and Trials: 7,596)
2. Enter terms and send to search manager:
breast cancer AND hormone therapy
What is returned:
(breast cancer AND hormone therapy):ti,ab,kw
(Word variations have been searched)
Results: 7,643
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Start from Search Manager
1. Enter terms and run from Search Manager:
breast cancer AND hormone therapy
Results: 5,772
2. Enter terms and run from Search Manager:
(breast cancer AND hormone therapy):ti,ab,kw
Results: 5,412
Search Manager
The Search Manager is located within the Advanced Search tabs. Search Manager allows users to create and save complex multi-line searches. It supports the use of MeSH terms, logical operators, field labels, nesting, and wildcards. It also allows for unlimited search lines, and results can be viewed by search line (helpful to determine where issues might be in a strategy).
The search manager also allows for combining search lines by using their number (e.g. #1 AND #2; #1 OR #2) instead of the full content of each line, which can save time and space. It also can make it easier to see where and how concepts are being combined when developing complex searches.
Searches conducted in the search tab can be sent to search manager, The search manager is necessary for conducting and saving complex searches, especially those for large literature reviews and systematic reviews. The search manager is the only type of search in Cochrane Library that allows capturing your search history – for that you need to click Print search history icon.
In order to save searches you have to be signed in your account from within your institutionally subscribed to Cochrane Library (Sign in is located in the right upper corner of the Search Manager Screen). Registering for an account allows you to set up email alerts based on your searches.
The Medical terms (MeSH) tab can also be used to search for relevant MeSH terms to add to your search, and then sent to the search manager.
PICO Search
The last advanced search tab is the PICO search which allows users to build a search according to the PICO framework (population, intervention, comparison, outcome). When using the PICO search as you type in search terms it will identify the specific “PICO vocabulary” that is relevant. This is necessary when using the PICO search as it will direct the terms to the specific PICO concept.
Other Search Functionalities in Cochrane
Boolean Operators
As in most online databases, Cochrane Library allows for users to search and combine terms using the Boolean Operators: AND, OR and NOT.
Exact Phrases
If you are searching for exact phrases, they should be enclosed in double quotations.
Proximity Operators
Cochrane Library allows for the use of Proximity operators, including: NEAR, NEAR/X and NEXT. Finds terms within close proximity to each other in the article or field(s) being searched.
NEAR Finds the terms when they are within 6 words of each other. Terms can appear in either order.
cancer NEAR lung
Finds "lung cancer" and "cancer in the patient's lung"
NEAR/X Finds the terms when they are within X words of each other where X = the maximum number of words between search terms. Terms can appear in either order.
cancer NEAR/3 lung
Finds "lung cancer" and "cancer of the lung", but NOT "cancer in the patient's lung"
NEXT Finds the terms when they appear next to each other. Terms must appear in the order specified. Use the NEXT operator for phrase searching with wildcards.
cancer NEXT lung Finds "lung cancer" but not "cancer of the lung" or "cancer in the patient's lung"
Truncation & Wildcards
Truncating a word means using a wildcard (*} which allows retrieving results with various ending of the word after truncation.
Do not use double quotes with truncation (*) anywhere in Cochrane Library searches, as truncation is ignored by Cochrane Library if used within double quotes. To overcome this, use the NEXT operator to search for an exact phrase with truncation.
Ex: instead of "heart transplant*" use (heart NEXT transplant*)
A topic being discussed with increasing regularity in the scientific literature is whether scholarly authors need to start personally assessing the publication integrity of the papers that they cite in their research, similarly to how they currently take steps to assess the risk of bias of individual studies being considered for inclusion in their research syntheses.
A team from New Zealand and the United Kingdom have been researching this issue for a while now, with their latest commentary piece appearing in the August 2024 issue of Nature:
Grey A, Avenell A, Klein AA, Byrne JA, Wilmshurst P, Bolland MJ. Stop just paying lip service on publication integrity. Nature. 2024 Aug;632(8023):26-28. doi: 10.1038/d41586-024-02449-8. PMID: 39075213.
Bolland, M. J., Avenell, A., & Grey, A. (2024). Publication integrity: what is it, why does it matter, how it is safeguarded and how could we do better? Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2024.2325004
Avenell, A., Bolland, M. J., Gamble, G. D., & Grey, A. (2022). A randomized trial alerting authors, with or without coauthors or editors, that research they cited in systematic reviews and guidelines has been retracted. Accountability in Research, 31(1), 14–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2022.2082290
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Klein AA. Correcting the scientific record – A broken system? Account Res. 2021 Jul;28(5):265-279. doi: 10.1080/08989621.2020.1852938. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PMID: 33205666.
This group clearly thinks publication integrity checking is necessary, even introducing “The ‘REAPPRAISED’ checklist for evaluation of publication integrity” in an earlier Nature comment, see:
Grey A, Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Klein AA, Gunsalus CK. Check for publication integrity before misconduct. Nature. 2020 Jan;577(7789):167-169. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-03959-6. PMID: 31911697.
Tip: A PDF version of THE ‘REAPPRAISED’ CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATION OF PUBLICATION INTEGRITY is available for download.
As there is of yet no consensus on which checklist tool is best, other groups have made similar attempts to create a research publication integrity assessment tool, for example:
Nearly 1 in 4 Americans live with some type of disability, and despite nearly 40 years since the ADA’s passage, many Americans with disabilities still live with significant barriers to living their lives to their fullest. Barriers can be physical, such lack of ramps, elevators, and ADA-compliant spaces. But they can also be less visible, including design and function of technology.
Accessible Library Resources
As library resources shifted to a predominantly digital format, the importance of these resources providing accessible and inclusive information for users of all abilities has become even more vital.
The Rehabilitation Act of 1978 defines and protects the same individuals as the ADA, but covers a different scope. In 1998, it was amended to include Section 508, which focused on the accessibility of electronic and information technology products and services that federal agencies buy, create and use.
Section 508 mandates that individuals with disabilities have access to information and services that is comparable to the access and use available to non-disabled individuals. It also provides guidelines to follow to ensure electronic resources are accessible, including making websites and apps accessible to assistive technologies (screen readers, alternative mouse and keyboard devices like motion trackers, magnification software, etc).
The Library Accessibility Alliance (LAA) is an organization made up of multiple library consortia across the country that advocates for improving library e-resource accessibility and shifting library culture to one that promotes justice and inclusion for people with disabilities. The group provides independent accessibility evaluations of library resources, training and toolkits for libraries and librarians, as well as specific licensing language for libraries to use or adapt to address concerns with electronic resources vendors.
LAA hosts a searchable database of independent evaluations of over 100 electronic resources.
ADA Compliance Tools
Vendors are recommended to provide documentation that shows how their hardware or software is accessible.
An Accessibility Conformance Report (ACR) is a document that explains how information and communication technology (ICT) products such as software, hardware, electronic content, and support documentation meet (conform to) the Revised 508 Standards for IT accessibility. Use the ACR to make specific statements in simple recommended language to demonstrate how the features and functional characteristics of your product meet the Section 508 standards.
There are multiple products and tools available to help create ACRs, including the VPAT.
Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (VPAT™)
Vendors that offer software, hardware or electronic content can voluntarily provide a VPAT™ that discloses how they support accessibility guidelines. The VPAT™ outlines the Revised Section 508 Standards for accessibility, and allows vendors to indicate their conformance with each standard.
However, even if a vendor provides a VPAT™, it doesn’t guarantee that the vendor’s resource is actually Section 508 or ADA compliant.
W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)
WCAG are guidelines and criteria produced by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) to ensure that websites and electronic content are accessible to all. They provide quantitative means of evaluating websites for accessibility, and should be used by both developers and content creators.
There are currently two standards in use today: WCAG 2.0 and WCAG 2.1 which added additional criteria to address accessibility for mobile devices, people with low vision, and people with cognitive disabilities.
Popular Biomedical Resources: ADA Compliance
If you are interested in learning more about different resources and their ADA compliance status, see the lists below which feature some of the MSK Library’s most popular resources.
